Business on Nickel Downstreaming with China and European Union Lawsuits
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v12i2.1381Kata Kunci:
Nickel Downstreaming, China Smelter, European Union LawsuitAbstrak
That the downstream nickel business between Indonesia and China aims to obtain maximum profits for the welfare of the Indonesian people, which is based on legal regulations issued by the Indonesian government. As Chinese companies are building purification and processing plants or nickel smelters in Indonesia with a large investment value, the Indonesian government obtains a substantial advantage from the export through the export of domestically processed nickel. Also, Indonesian and Chinese companies both benefit from having a nickel smelter or refining and processing factory in Indonesia. These advantages encompass Chinese investment in Indonesia, job creation in Indonesia, and increased export outcomes. However, this development has raised concerns in the European Union, primarily because Indonesia recently banned the export of nickel ore. Instead, Indonesia has encouraged the domestic processing of nickel ore to add value to nickel products. Indonesia as one of the world’s largest nickel producers has regulations in terms of nickel exports. This is stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 11 of 2019 concerning the Second Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 25 of 2018 concerning the Business of Mineral and Coal Mining. In this regulation, Indonesia imposes a ban on the export of nickel ore. Related to this ban, the European Union also reacted by filing a lawsuit filed at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Based on the Constitution, the welfare of the Indonesian people is the main goal through the management of natural resources, so outside parties or other countries cannot intervene.
Unduhan
Referensi
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Harvard University Press, Ed. Edward, Boston,1989.
Athiq, Ummy. “Policy of Temporary Direct Aid Program Analyzed From Welfare State Concept.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan 2, no. 2 (2014). https://doi.org/10.12345/ius.v2i5.172.
Agung, Muhammad, and Emmanuel Ariananto Waluyo Adi. “Peningkatan Investasi Dan Hilirisasi Nikel Di Indonesia.” JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan) 6, no. 2 (2022).
Angelo Tritto, How Indonesia Used Chinese Industrial Investments to Turn Nickel into the New Gold. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2023.
Seyoum, Belay, and Rebecca Abraham. “US trade preference and export performance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): evidence from the African growth and opportunity act (AGOA).” World Trade Review 21, no. 5 (2022): 573-596.
Bismar Nasutin, Law of Economic activity, Books Terrace & Library, Bandung, 2009.
David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1817, Harvard University Press, Boston, 1987.
Deloitte Indonesia, Overview of Indonesia’s EV downstream sector: A focus on nickel (Deloitte Indonesia Perspectives | Third Edition, 2022)
Dendi Adisuryo. Lost in Nickel Lawsuit at the WTO, Indonesia Forced to Export Raw Nickel. Adco Law, 2023. https://adcolaw.com/blog/lost-in-nickel-lawsuit-at-the-wto-indonesia-forced-to-export-raw-nickel/
Diah Cahyaningrum, 2023, Larangan Ekspor Sumber Daya Alam Mineral Mentah: Nikel dan Bauksit, Info Singkat. Vol. XV, No 4/II/Puslit/Februari/2023.
Huala Adolf, International Trade Law, Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005.
Jamilus, Analysis Of The Function And Benefits Of WTO For Developing Countries (Especially Indonesia), Journal IKH, Vol. 11 No. 2 July, Jakarta, 2017.
Jur Udin Silalahi, et.al, Analysis and Evaluation of the Law Concerning the Protection of the Domestic Industry, National Legal Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Jakarta, 2011.
Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Progress Publishers, 1859.
Ke Li, The WTO’s National Security Exception and Its Implication to the China-EU Dispute: With Special References to Lithuania’s Taiwan Representative Office, China and WTO Review, Vol. 9 No. 2 , 2023, September, YIJUN Institute of International Law. p.255. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14330/cwr.2023.9.2.03
Pribadi, A, Hilirisasi Nikel Ciptakan Nilai Tambah dan Daya Tahan Ekonomi, Kementerian ESDM RI, Jakarta., 2022.
Rizani, Ahmad, et al. “PROFIT AND LOSSES OF THE NICKEL DOWNSTREAM PROGRAM FOR THE INDONESIAN ECONOMY.” (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIETY REVIEWS 2.5 (2024): 1094-1105.), 1099
Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of Internasional Relations, Princeton University Press, 1987.
Rumiartha, I. Nyoman Prabu Buana. “Correlation Theory AV Dicey Perspective of the Rule of Law in Indonesia: Correlation Theory AV Dicey Perspective of the Rule of Law in Indonesia.” Focus Journal Law Review 2, no. 1 (2022).
Sri Kusuma dewi, A., & Anindita Purnama Ningtyas. (2023). The Fulfillment of The Clarity Principle Towards the Formulation Arrangement in The Recognition of Statutory Bodies Within the Limited Liability Company. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 11(1), 156–175. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i1.1206
Sadiya S. Silvee, 2022, China’s Socialist Free Trade Strategy: A Marxist Analysis, China and WTO Review, Vol. 8 No. 2 September, YIJUN Institute of International Law.
Sandra, Vivi, Satria Unggul Wicaksana Prakasa, and MH SH. “Peran WTO Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Gugatan Uni Eropa Terhadap Indonesia Terkait Larangan Ekspor Bijih Nikel.” (Hukum Organisasi Internasional 2021)
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Marwanto Marwanto, I Nyoman Prabu Buana Rumiartha, Meliana Putri, I Wayan Parsa, I Gede Yusa
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors hold the copyright. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. How ever the author should affirming that the article is their original work should accompany the article via online submission form. Authors are permitted to share a Preprint of their article anywhere at any time. Link Declaration of originality (PDF)
